Class 12 Streams (Science, Humanities and Commerce)

Introduction

Class 12 is one of the most important stages in a student’s academic journey. It sets the foundation for higher education and future careers. Whether students are preparing for board exams or competitive exams like CUET, having access to structured study materials is essential. These materials help students develop a strong conceptual understanding and practice effectively for their exams. To help students, we provide chapter-wise MCQs and PYQs for NCERT, CBSE, and CUET. These resources are available for free, and students can download them after logging in.

Understanding Domains and Subjects

Class 12 education is divided into three major domains: Science, Humanities, and Commerce. Each domain includes subjects that align with different career paths and fields of study. Understanding these domains will help students choose the best path based on their interests and career goals.

Science Stream

The Science stream is designed for students who have an interest in logical reasoning, problem-solving, and experimentation. It covers subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics, which are essential for careers in engineering, medicine, technology, and research.All the links to the chapters of every subject are provided below.

Science Subjects and Links

Physics
Physics focuses on the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. It is fundamental for careers in engineering, space sciences, and technology.

NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapters
Chapter Number	Chapter Name
Chapter I	Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter II	Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter III	Current Electricity
Chapter IV	Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter V	Magnetism and Matter
Chapter VI	Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter VII	Alternating Current
Chapter VIII	Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter IX	Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter X	Wave Optics
Chapter XI	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter XII	Atoms
Chapter XIII	Nuclei

Mathematics
Mathematics strengthens problem-solving and analytical skills, useful in various scientific, technological, and financial fields.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Relations and Functions
Chapter 2	Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3	Matrices
Chapter 4	Determinants
Chapter 5	Continuity and Differentiability
Chapter 6	Application of Derivatives
Chapter 7	Integrals
Chapter 8	Application of Integrals
Chapter 9	Differential Equations
Chapter 10	Vector Algebra
Chapter 11	Three Dimensional Geometry
Chapter 12	Linear Programming
Chapter 13	Probability

Physical Education
Physical Education is an additional subject that provides knowledge about fitness, health, sports science, and nutrition, which is beneficial for careers in sports management and health sciences.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Management of Sporting Events
Chapter 2	Children & Women in Sports
Chapter 3	Yoga as Preventive Measure for Lifestyle Diseases
Chapter 4	Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs – Divyang)
Chapter 5	Sports & Nutrition
Chapter 6	Test & Measurement in Sports
Chapter 7	Physiology & Injuries in Sport
Chapter 8	Biomechanics and Sports
Chapter 9	Psychology and Sports
Chapter 10	Training in Sports

Biology
Biology deals with the structure, function, and evolution of living organisms, making it essential for medicine, biotechnology, and environmental sciences.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 2	Human Reproduction
Chapter 3	Reproductive Health
Chapter 4	Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 5	Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 6	Evolution
Chapter 7	Human Health and Disease
Chapter 8	Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapter 9	Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapter 10	Biotechnology and its Applications
Chapter 11	Organisms and Populations
Chapter 12	Ecosystem
Chapter 13	Biodiversity and Conservation

Chemistry
Chemistry explores the composition, properties, and changes of substances, forming the basis for careers in pharmaceuticals, research, and materials science.

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapters
Chapter Number	Chapter Name
Chapter I	Solutions
Chapter II	Electrochemistry
Chapter III	Chemical Kinetics
Chapter IV	The d- and f-Block Elements
Chapter V	Coordination Compounds
Chapter VI	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Chapter VII	Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Chapter VIII	Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Chapter IX	Amines
Chapter X	Biomolecules

Humanities Stream

The Humanities stream is best suited for students interested in understanding society, history, governance, psychology, and human behavior. This domain allows students to explore cultures, historical developments, political ideologies, and human psychology, making it an excellent choice for careers in law, civil services, journalism, international relations, and education.

Humanities Subjects and Links

History
History examines historical events, civilizations, and social transformations, helping students develop analytical skills essential for research and administrative services.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Bricks, Beads and Bones - The Harappan Civilisation
Chapter 2	Kings, Farmers and Towns - Early States and Economies
Chapter 3	Kinship, Caste and Class - Early Societies
Chapter 4	Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings - Cultural Developments
Chapter 5	Through The Eyes of Travellers - Perceptions of Society
Chapter 6	Bhakti-Sufi Traditions - Changes in Religious Beliefs & Devotional Text
Chapter 7	An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara
Chapter 8	Peasants, Zamindars and The State - Agrarian Society
Chapter 9	Colonialism and The Countryside - Exploring Official Archives
Chapter 10	Rebels and The Raj - The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations
Chapter 11	Mahatma Gandhi and The Nationalist Movement
Chapter 12	Framing The Constitution - The Beginning of a New Era

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Political Science
Political Science studies government structures, public policies, and political ideologies, preparing students for careers in governance, law, and policymaking.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	The End of Bipolarity
Chapter 2	Contemporary Centres of Power
Chapter 3	Contemporary South Asia
Chapter 4	International Organisations
Chapter 5	Security in the Contemporary World
Chapter 6	Environment and Natural Resources
Chapter 7	Globalisation
Chapter 8	Challenges of Nation Building
Chapter 9	Era of One-Party Dominance
Chapter 10	Politics of Planned Development
Chapter 11	India’s External Relations
Chapter 12	Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
Chapter 13	The Crisis of Democratic Order
Chapter 14	Regional Aspirations
Chapter 15	Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Sociology

Sociology analyzes social institutions, cultures, and human interactions, making it an important subject for careers in social work, research, and anthropology.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Introducing Indian Society
Chapter 2	The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
Chapter 3	Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
Chapter 4	The Market as a Social Institution
Chapter 5	Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
Chapter 6	The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
Chapter 7	Structural Change
Chapter 8	Cultural Change
Chapter 9	The Constitution and Social Change
Chapter 10	Change and Development in Rural Society
Chapter 11	Change and Development in Industrial Society
Chapter 12	Globalisation and Social Change
Chapter 13	Mass Media and Communications
Chapter 14	Social Movements

Psychology
Psychology explores human behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes, essential for fields like counseling, human resources, and mental health services.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Variations in Psychological Attributes
Chapter 2	Self and Personality
Chapter 3	Meeting Life Challenges
Chapter 4	Psychological Disorders
Chapter 5	Therapeutic Approaches
Chapter 6	Attitude and Social Cognition
Chapter 7	Social Influence and Group Processes

Geography

Geography studies the Earth’s landscapes, resources, and the impact of human activities, providing valuable insights for careers in environmental sciences, urban planning, and geology.

Chapter Number	Chapter Name
Chapter 1	Human Geography: Nature and Scope
Chapter 2	The World Population: Distribution, Density, and Growth
Chapter 3	Human Development
Chapter 4	Primary Activities
Chapter 5	Secondary Activities
Chapter 6	Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Chapter 7	Transport and Communication
Chapter 8	International Trade
Chapter 9	Population: Distribution, Density, Growth, and Composition
Chapter 10	Human Settlements
Chapter 11	Land Resources and Agriculture
Chapter 12	Water Resources
Chapter 13	Mineral and Energy Resources
Chapter 14	Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context
Chapter 15	Transport and Communication
Chapter 16	International Trade
Chapter 17	Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

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Commerce Stream

The Commerce stream is for students who are interested in finance, business, and trade. It prepares students for careers in business management, accounting, banking, and entrepreneurship. This domain is highly analytical and focuses on understanding how economies function, how businesses operate, and how financial transactions are managed.

Commerce Subjects and Links

Accountancy

Accountancy focuses on financial transactions, bookkeeping, and business auditing, crucial for careers in finance, investment banking, and taxation.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2	Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
Chapter 3	Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner
Chapter 4	Dissolution of Partnership Firm
Chapter 5	Accounting for Share Capital
Chapter 6	Issue and Redemption of Debentures
Chapter 7	Financial Statements of a Company
Chapter 8	Analysis of Financial Statements
Chapter 9	Accounting Ratios
Chapter 10	Cash Flow Statement

Business Studies

Business Studies covers management principles, entrepreneurship, and marketing strategies, equipping students with skills needed for running businesses, corporate management, and startups.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Nature and Significance of Management
Chapter 2	Principles of Management
Chapter 3	Business Environment
Chapter 4	Planning
Chapter 5	Organising
Chapter 6	Staffing
Chapter 7	Directing
Chapter 8	Controlling
Chapter 9	Financial Management
Chapter 10	Marketing
Chapter 11	Consumer Protection

Economics

Economics helps students understand financial policies, market structures, and economic trends, essential for careers in finance, data analytics, policy analysis, and international trade.

Chapter Number	Chapter Title
Chapter 1	Introduction
Chapter 2	National Income Accounting
Chapter 3	Money and Banking
Chapter 4	Determination of Income and Employment
Chapter 5	Government Budget and the Economy
Chapter 6	Open-Economy Macroeconomics
Chapter 7	Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
Chapter 8	Five Year Plan
Chapter 9	Agriculture, Industry and Trade
Chapter 10	New Economic Policy
Chapter 11	Poverty
Chapter 12	Human Capital Formation
Chapter 13	Rural Development
Chapter 14	Employment
Chapter 15	Infrastructure
Chapter 16	Environmental Sustainable Development
Chapter 17	Comparative Development of India & Neighbors

Accessing Chapter-Wise MCQs and PYQs

To help students with structured learning, we provide chapter-wise MCQs and PYQs for all subjects. These materials are tailored for CUET, NCERT, and CBSE exams, allowing students to prepare efficiently and enhance their subject knowledge.

Students can download the study materials for free after logging in. Regular practice of MCQs and PYQs can improve conceptual clarity, exam readiness, and problem-solving skills. By making use of these resources, students can strengthen their preparation and build a solid foundation for future studies.

We encourage students to explore these subjects based on their interests and career aspirations. Whether you aim to become a scientist, historian, entrepreneur, or economist, choosing the right domain and subjects will play a vital role in shaping your future.

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