NCERT Class 12 History Chapters
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(First Millennium Thinker)
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(Country they Belonged)
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(a)
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Zarathustra
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Iran
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(b)
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Kungzi
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Japan
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(c)
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Socrates
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Rome
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(d)
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Mahavira
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Sri Lanka
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Buddhism in practice
This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka, and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala:
In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ... by assigning them work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness; by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times ... In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and Brahmanas: by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs.
There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife.
(1) How did Buddha give importance to conduct and values?
(2) How can individual effort transform social relations?
(3) Analyse the advice given by Buddha to Sigala for Samanas.
(CBSE 2019, 7M)
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A prayer to Agni
Here are two verses from the Rigveda invoking Agni, the god of fire:
Bring, O strong one, this sacrifice of ours to the gods, O wise one, as a liberal giver. Bestow on us, O priest, abundant food. Agni, obtain, by sacrificing, mighty wealth for us. Procure, O Agni, for ever to him who prays to you (the gift of) nourishment, the wonderful cow, May a son be ours, offspring that continues out line... Verses such as these were composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, known as Vedic Sanskrit. They were taught orally to men belonging to priestly families.
(1) Why was Vedic Sanskrit significant?
(2) Explain any two Vedic traditions of religious beliefs and practices.
(3) Why were sacrifices performed during Vedic Period?
(CBSE 2019, 7M)
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4. Why is the mid-first millennium BCE often regarded as a turning point in world history? Explain with examples.
(CBSE 2023, 8M)
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5. "The principle of ahimsa and renunciation emphasized by Jainism has left its mark." Support the statement with Lord Mahavira's messages.
(CBSE 2013, 5M)
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Chapter Name
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Sub Topics
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Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings - Cultural Developments
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Teachings of Buddha and Mahavira
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4.3 Evolution of Buddhist and Jain Philosophies
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4.4 Development of Stupas and Temples
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4.5 Art and Inscriptions as Cultural Mediums
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4.6 Ethical and Social Messages in Scriptures
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4.7 Cultural Integration Through Religion
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