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Units
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Topic
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Sub-Topic
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1.
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Solid state
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Solids are classified based on their binding forces: ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic. Solids can also be crystalline or amorphous (with fundamental concepts). The density of a unit cell can be calculated, and unit cells can exist in two- or three-dimensional lattices. Further topics include packing in solids, voids, packing efficiency, point defects, and the number of atoms per cubic unit cell. Magnetic and electrical properties are also relevant, as is the band theory of conductors, metals, semiconductors, and insulators. Lastly, we cover p and n-type semiconductors.
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2.
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Solutions
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Expressions on the concentration of solids in liquid solutions, different types of solutions, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, and colligative properties, which include the relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, an increase in B.P. and a decrease in freezing point, as well as the identification of abnormal molecular masses and the Van't Hoff factor.
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3.
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Electrochemistry
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Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar and specific variations in conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis, and rules of electrolysis. Dry cells, including electrolytic and galvanic cells, , a cell's EMF, lead accumulator the standard electrode potential, and the Nernst equation and its use with chemical cells are some of the basic concepts. Corrosion and the relationship between Gibbs energy change and a cell's EMF.
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4.
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Chemical Kinetics
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Activation Energy and the Arrhenius formula; Order and molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations; rate law and specific rate constant; collision theory concept; half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions); Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous); order and molecularity of a reaction (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment); factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, catalyst, temperature.
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5.
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Surface Chemistry
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The field of catalysis encompasses both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis with its essential aspects being activity and selectivity. Enzyme catalysis is a notable example of this crucial phenomenon. Another important topic in chemistry is the colloidal state which distinguishes true solutions from colloids and suspensions. Properties of colloids like lyophilic, lyophobic and multimolecular colloids and macromolecular colloids are also noteworthy. Additionally, physisorption, chemisorption, factors affecting the adsorption of gases on solids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, emulsions and electrophoresis, and coagulation are all critical concepts to be familiar with.
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6.
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General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
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Methods and Principles of extraction – reduction, concentration, oxidation, electrolytic method, and refining; Principles and occurrence of extraction of aluminium, zinc, copper, and iron.
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7.
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p-Block Elements
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Group 15 Elements
Group 16 Elements
Group 17 Elements
Group 18 Elements
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8.
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d and f block Elements
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Introduction in general, transition metal occurrence and characteristics, electronic configuration, general trends in the properties of the first-row transition metals, including metallic character, oxidation states, ionisation enthalpy, ionic radii, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic property, interstitial compounds, and alloy formation. Preparation and characteristics of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7. Actinoids and lanthanoids.
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9.
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Coordination compounds
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Coordination number, ligands, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, bonding, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo)importance of coordination compounds.
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10.
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, C-X bond type, physical and chemical characteristics, and mechanism of substitution processes. rotating optically. Haloarenes: C-X bond nature, substitution processes (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Environmental Effects and Uses of iodoform, freons, tetrachloromethane, and dichloromethane.
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11.
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Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
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Alcohols: nomenclature, preparation techniques, physical and chemical characteristics (only for primary alcohols); classification into primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration; and usage, with particular emphasis on methanol and ethanol. Phenols: nomenclature, synthesis techniques, physical and chemical characteristics, acidity of phenol, electrophilic substitution processes, and applications. Ethers: nomenclature, preparation techniques, chemical and physical characteristics, applications.
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12.
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Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
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Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature, carbonyl group nature, synthesis techniques, physical and chemical characteristics, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, alpha hydrogen reactivity in aldehydes, applications. Nomenclature, acidic nature, preparation techniques, physical and chemical characteristics, and applications of carboxylic acids.
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13.
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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
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Amines: Nomenclature, structure, classification, methods of preparation, chemical and physical properties, uses, recognition of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Isocyanides and Cyanide – will be discussed at relevant places in context. Diazonium salts: chemical reactions, preparation, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
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14.
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Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates and Proteins
Hormones –Elementary idea (excluding structure). Vitamins –functions and classification. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
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15.
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Polymers
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Classification –Synthetic and natural, copolymerization, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation). Some main polymers: natural and synthetic such aspolythene, nylon polyesters, rubber and bakelite. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
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16.
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Chemistry in day-to-day Life
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1. Chemicals in medicines –tranquillizers, analgesics, antiseptics, disinfectants, antifertility drugs, antimicrobials, antibiotics, antacids, and antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food–artificial sweetening agents, preservatives, elementary ideas of antioxidants.
3. Cleansing agents –cleansing action, soaps and detergents.
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